Louisiana High School Athletic Association - 1574 Words

Louisiana High School Athletic Association Coty Kibodeaux February 8, 2015 Introduction The Louisiana High School Athletic Association (LHSAA) was formed in order to better regulate and develop the high school athletics of the state. It currently governs all high school sports for Louisiana, for both males and females and will soon celebrate its centennial in 2020. The LHSAA finally got its permanent home in Baton Rouge in 2010 and currently governs 16 different sports with various classifications based on school enrollment. History The inception of the idea for the formation of the LHSAA occurred in October of 1920: a group of high school principals met in Baton Rouge after deciding that high school athletics did not have a proper amount of development and regulation. C. A. Ives initially appointed a committee to draft a constitution for the association and those members were P.H. Griffith, S. M. Brame, P.C. Rogers, and Grover C. Koffman. This committee decided that membership within the LHSAA included approved high schools within the state. Originally, there was only one type of school classification: Schools with 110 boys or more (Class 1A) and schools with 110 boys or less (Class B). The original schools had to give up the large sum of $2.00 to be a member of the LHSAA. In about 1930, Class 2A (more than 300 boys) was added. Class C (45 boys or less) was created later in 1949. Three more classifications were added in 1954, 1971, and 1991 to give a total of sevenShow MoreRelatedMedicine Physical Therapy Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidering becoming a Sports Medicine Physical Therapist, one should prepare for the amount of education and training required to fulfill the job. It is crucial that anyone going into the medical field earns a high school diploma. College admissions directors will be looking for exceptional high school education backgrounds. Although these courses may not be required, it would be beneficial to take health and nutrition classes, along with science courses such as biology, chemistry, and physics before enteringRead MoreSenior Collegiate Athletic Association : Sport Scandals1354 Words   |  6 PagesOn average, there are about 60 major NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) sport scandals per decade. NCAA sport scandals are very common in any college sport. There is always some sort of scandal going on and many schools have been part of one at some time. There are various ways for a scandal to happen, from recruiting violations to academic frauds to bribery. There are various penalties issued by the NCAA, but one penalty, known as the â€Å"death penalty† is the worst punishment a programRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Collegiate Athletic Association is one of the biggest sports organizations in the United States. One of the most divisive issues relating to the NCAA over the last several years has been the issue of athlete compensation. There are many sports—particularly football and basketball—that bring in incredible amounts of revenue to colleges across the country; therefore, whether or not athletes should be compensated for their role in college sports has become a topic of debate. While scholarshipRead MoreIt Is Tr ue Stories Like Heather Van Norman Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesImpregnated while on the ball of her running career in Louisiana State University track, Heather Van Norman fought to survive as a young woman and athlete. She ran, baby and all, during her career as a collegiate track runner at LSU in the 1990’s. But even before she would sprint to victory as an outstanding track runner, mother of Odell Beckham Junior, and ladies’ coach for track, field, and cross-country, Van Norman had to face the harsh realities of paying for college and working for her timeRead MoreResearch Paper On College Athletes1387 Words   |  6 Pagesstudying and focusing on their education, the players not sleeping some nights to study. Should they get paid? College athletes should get paid because colleges make high revenue from sports, they put in all their heart in it and still focus on their education, and lastly how they treat their players are unfair labor practices. First, schools make tons and tons of money from college sports. 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Our team, including myself, would wait until the last minute to lo se weight for competitions by running outside wearing garbage bags, starving ourselves the day of weigh-ins, and spitting in water bottles to lose water weight. These extreme dieting strategies took a toll on our overall success at competitions and my personal growth as an athlete. I knew I needed to make a change, starting with my diet. AfterRead MoreCollege Athletes Should be Compensated Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pageshardships they endure, a failure of scholarships to cover all expenses , the exploitation of college athletes by the colleges and universities they play for, a disparity between coaches’ and players’ compensation, and the hypocrisy of National Collegiate Athletic Association’s rules. A recent report states that playing at a large basketball or football program takes the same amount of time as a full time job (Sports Illustrated 2011). The athletes that come from less fortunate families cannot alwaysRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Social Psychology1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.† Clinical psychologists help individuals to overcome obstacles that may be the cause of their unhappiness. With the exception of New Mexico and Louisiana, a clinical psychologist is not permitted to prescribe medication to his patient, but rather uses forms of therapy instead to diagnose behavioral or mental health issues. These types of psychologists also help to diagnose potential or previouslyRead MoreWhat Are Androgenic Anabolic Steroids?1601 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is located with certain cells. The connection between the drug and the receptor activates a process whic h creates the formation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) which signals the DNA to form specific proteins as seen in figure 1 below (Association Against Steroid Abuse). These proteins travel throughout the body producing the anabolic or growth responses causing the increase in muscle mass as well as other effects. Figure 1. Activation of hormone receptors creating mRNA to signal DNA to

God’s Creative Authority in Genesis and Job Essay

God’s role in the Bible is characterized in several different ways, with dramatically competing attributes. He takes on many functions and, as literary characters are, he is dynamic and changes over time. The portrayal of God is unique in separate books throughout the Bible. This flexibility of role and character is exemplified by the discrepancy in the depiction of God in the book of Genesis in comparison to the depiction of God in the book of Job. On the larger scale, God creates with intention in Genesis in contrast to destroying without reason in Job. However, as the scale gets smaller, God’s creative authority can be seen in both books, yet this creative authority is manifested in entirely distinctive manners. In Genesis, God as†¦show more content†¦He distinguishes his inventions with minute details and yet, simultaneously, the entire creation is pure and simple. There is no elaboration; his ideas just come into being. Once each individual creation has co me to be, God sees that is it good. Additionally, God is reasonable. There is a logical reason and a unique place for everything: â€Å"God made the dome and separated the waters that were under the dome from the waters that were above the dome† (Genesis 1:7). In addition to the content of God’s will and creations, the repetition and standardization of the verses in Genesis 1 reflect his steadiness as a creator. In stark contrast to God’s presence in Genesis, the character of God in Job strays from the ideal perfection of the divine. The concept of the ideal manifested in Genesis is embodied in God’s moral, reasonable, and rational behavior. In Job, on the other hand, rather than being reasonable, methodical, and creating life, God displays more human characteristics and plays the role of both creator and destroyer. The book of Job begins with God’s boastful bargain with Satan, which subsequently leads God to allow the total destruction of Job†™s family and livelihood. Job is even attacked physically with â€Å"loathsome sores†¦ from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head† (Job 2:7). In an uncharacteristically immoral decision, God gives Satan the power doShow MoreRelatedBiblical Worldview Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesprovidence. According to the textbook, â€Å"the doctrine of God’s providence is related to the doctrine of creation†¦Millard Erickson compares creation and providence by calling creation â€Å"God’s originating work† and providence â€Å"God’s continuing work†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the word providence means, literally, â€Å"to see at a distance,† and can carry the connotation of â€Å"to look after† (Akin 2014, 229). â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Genesis 1:1). This is God’s originating work that Erickson points out. 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The ability to decisively and quickly respond to simultaneous and different tasks or problems at a time is critical component to successful leadership. 7. They are motivated by challenges. Women are creative problem solvers motivated by obstacles. The desire to overcome a challenge fuels us to get things accomplished. Leaders don’t take â€Å"no† for an answer . 8. They are strong communicators. Communication is said to be among a woman’s strongestRead MoreThe Basic Theological Ideas Regarding : A. The Triune God1813 Words   |  8 PagesChrist, the Redeemer of creation†¦We affirm that natural world as God’s handiwork.† God’s creative activity is ultimately a loving act of grace. As human beings we have been given the task to â€Å"dedicate ourselves to its [creation’s] preservation, enhancement, and faithful use by humankind.† For this reason, humanity is responsible to protect and preserve creation—to use and not abuse it. This was our first job description in Genesis 1. Because God has created water, soil, plants and animals, eachRead MoreCall to Ministry3220 Words   |  13 Pagesand it includes all of our life, not only our job or vocation. Mark 3:13-14 says that Jesus called His disciples that they would first and foremost be with Him, and then to go out and preach and cast out demons. Drawing on the writings of Martin Luther, the Protestant Reformer, Guinness elaborates further: â€Å"For Luther, the peasant and the merchant - for us, the business person, the teacher, the factory worker, and the television anchor – can do God’s work ( or fail to do it) just as much as theRead MoreThe Shack Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesthirteen, he decided the abuse had to end. He put varmint poison in every beer bottle around the house and left his mother with a simple note that read, â€Å"I hope someday you can forgive me†. He spent the next ten years traveling and working at random jobs around the globe. In his early twenties, he began studying theology at a seminary in Australia. When he graduated, Mack decided to come back to the states and make peace with his family. He then moved to Oregon where he met and married Nannette A.Read MoreThe Vocation of the Business Leader: A Reflection15551 Words   |  63 Pagesamong the various stakeholders. In these difï ¬ cult time s for the world economy, during which many business men and women suffered the consequences of crises that deeply reduced the income of their enterprises, risked their survival, and threatened many jobs, the Church does not relinquish the hope that Christian business leaders will, despite the present darkness, restore trust, inspire hope, and keep burning the light of faith that fuels their daily pursuit of the good. Indeed, it is worth recallingRead MoreHistory of Work Ethic8363 Words   |  34 PagesHome Page Historical Context of the Work Ethic Roger B. Hill, Ph.D.  © 1992, 1996 From a historical perspective, the cultural norm placing a positive moral value on doing a good job because work has intrinsic value for its own sake was a relatively recent development (Lipset, 1990). Work, for much of the ancient history of the human race, has been hard and degrading. Working hard--in the absence of compulsion--was not the norm for Hebrew, classical, or medieval cultures (Rose, 1985). It

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 2 Free Essays

Cassie was sitting in third-period history debating between (a) the Continental Congress and (b) the House of Representatives on her pop quiz, when a hall monitor came to the door and handed Ms. Darby a pink slip of paper. â€Å"Laurel,† Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Darby said. â€Å"Mr. Boylan wants to see you in his office right away.† Cassie’s head shot up. She couldn’t allow Laurel to be alone with the principal. He was a witch hunter, and Laurel had been marked. Laurel looked at Cassie and then back at Ms. Darby. â€Å"But I haven’t finished my test yet.† â€Å"You can make it up after school,† Ms. Darby said. â€Å"The principal wouldn’t call you out of class unless it was important.† Laurel hesitated. â€Å"Go on.† Ms. Darby pointed to the doorway. â€Å"If you’re in trouble for something, standing here and keeping him waiting surely won’t help matters any.† â€Å"Yes, ma’am,† Laurel said. Cassie watched her fearfully gather her books. What could she do to stop her? Laurel handed her exam in to Ms. Darby and obediently followed the monitor out the door, glancing over her shoulder at Cassie one last time. There were no other Circle members in class, so it was up to Cassie to do something. One way or another, she had to get herself into the principal’s office. Laurel’s life could be at stake. Cassie quickly scribbled in the remaining empty blanks on her exam, and then rushed up to the front of the room. â€Å"I’m done, Ms. Darby.† She held her side and bit her lip. â€Å"And I’m not feeling so well. May I go to the nurse?† Ms. Darby eyed Cassie, trying to discern if she was faking. Cassie swallowed hard, cleared her throat, and leaned forward like she might puke right on Ms. Darby’s desk. â€Å"Go,† Ms. Darby said, and Cassie bolted for the hallway. She ran the whole way, ignoring multiple commands from teachers telling her to slow down, and arrived at the principal’s office panting. Immediately, she could feel an energy in the air – something dark and morose. The door to Mr. Boylan’s office was closed. â€Å"Hi there, Cassie. What can I do for you?† asked Mrs. Karol, the perpetually rosy-cheeked office secretary. â€Å"There’s an emergency,† Cassie said, catching Mrs. Karol by surprise. â€Å"In the gymnasium. A fight or something, I’m not sure, but people were screaming for someone to get the principal right away.† â€Å"Not again.† Mrs. Karol scooted off her seat and hurried over to the principal’s door. She knocked on it anxiously while turning the knob to let herself in. â€Å"Sorry to interrupt,† she said, â€Å"but I think we’ve got a brawl on our hands, down in the gymnasium.† Mr. Boylan jerked backward, away from Laurel, the moment the door opened. He patted down his salt-and-pepper hair and straightened his gray suit. â€Å"I’m a little busy here.† He backpedaled to his desk and grabbed a pen and manila folder, presumably to appear more official. â€Å"And how many times have I told you, you can’t just barge into my office like that.† â€Å"Don’t you snap at me,† Mrs. Karol said, with her bright smile fully intact. â€Å"It’s not my fault your students behave like wild animals.† She entered the room and took him by the elbow of his finely tailored jacket. â€Å"Now hurry up. You’re the only one who can handle this.† Cassie spotted Laurel seated across from Mr. Boylan’s large oak desk. She waved at her to try to catch her attention, but Laurel was entirely oblivious to everything going on around her. She was as pale as a ghost, and her eyes were focused on an invisible spot in front of her. With a huff, Mr. Boylan followed Mrs. Karol toward the gymnasium. â€Å"Let’s make this quick,† he said, and then noticed Cassie for the first time. â€Å"I won’t be long,† he called out to Laurel, while focusing directly on Cassie. â€Å"We’ll pick up right where we left off when I return. You can count on it.† It sounded like a threat aimed at them both. Cassie shuddered at the thought of what she might have walked in on if she’d arrived only a few minutes later. Laurel still hadn’t moved a muscle, even after the principal and Mrs. Karol were out of sight. Cassie ran to her and shook her by her thin, delicate shoulders. â€Å"Are you all right? What did he do to you?† Laurel’s face slowly came back to life, and she finally noticed Cassie standing there. â€Å"We have to get out of here,† she said, and leapt from her seat to run for the door. Cassie grabbed her by the hand and led her down the hall to the science wing. â€Å"Steer clear of the gymnasium,† she said, as she maneuvered Laurel in the opposite direction. It was only a matter of time before Mr. Boylan realized there wasn’t any fight. â€Å"We need a place to hide. At least until the bell rings.† Down the wing, there was an unlocked supply closet. Cassie guided Laurel inside and closed the door behind them. â€Å"It smells like formaldehyde in here,† Laurel said. Cassie didn’t have the heart to alert Laurel, an avid animal lover, to the jarred pig fetus directly behind her. â€Å"You’re right, it does,† was all Cassie said, and then pulled Laurel in for a hug. â€Å"I’m just glad you’re okay.† Among countless shelves of glass beakers and safety goggles, Laurel let herself cry and explained how Mr. Boylan had been interrogating her, trying to find out information about her friends. â€Å"He was asking me about everyone in the Circle by name,† Laurel said. â€Å"And he was asking about our families. He knows we’re all witches, Cassie, and he wants to mark every one of us.† Cassie was gradually putting the pieces together. â€Å"Then we absolutely can’t perform magic until we figure out how to stop him.† Laurel’s eyes welled up with tears again. â€Å"You’re okay now,† Cassie assured her. â€Å"And you’re not alone. We’re going to figure out a way to save you. I promise.† â€Å"How? We are in over our heads, Cassie. This isn’t like anything we’ve ever faced before.† Laurel started to cry so furiously Cassie was afraid someone in the hallway would hear them. â€Å"I don’t want to die,† she said. â€Å"Shh. Nobody is going to die.† Cassie lowered her own voice to a whisper. â€Å"I’ve been talking to my mom about my father. Just last night in fact. And I’m learning things, Laurel. Ancient things that will help us.† Laurel’s sobbing quieted and she wiped the tears from her rosy cheeks. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"Really. When my father was young he saved a friend of my mother’s who had been marked. I know it can be done.† â€Å"And you think you can figure out how he did it?† â€Å"I know I can,† Cassie said. She said everything she could think of to try to help Laurel calm down, but in her mind she feared they were running out of time. She had to do something about this – and her father’s book – before the hunters picked them off one by one. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 2, Essay examples

Database Concepts Causal Networks

Question: Describe about the Database Concepts for Causal networks. Answer: Description of the Database: Person (Id, TFN, Name, Phone) PolicyOwner (PersonId, PolicyNumber, TFN, Start-Date) InsurancePolicy (PolicyNumber, AgentNumber, PremiumAmount, CoverageAmount) Agent (AgentNumber, Name, Phone, OfficeNumber) The entities demonstrate that the whenever a person takes and insurance, all the insurance related data have to be stored in the database, and the relation between the entities will assist in retrieving the relevant information from the database. For that reason, the data have to be stored in the right way along with the definitions of the schemas. In the Person entity, the Id will be the primary key which will define the entities individual rows. TFN is a candidate key. A candidate key is a key that comprises of the potential of being a primary key. The Name and Phone are non-key attributes. In the PolicyOwner entity the PersonId and TFN together creates a primary key. The PolicyNumber is the foreign key that is the primary key of the InsurancePolicy. The start-date indicates the starting date of the policy. The start-date is more connected to the PolicyNumber than the composite primary. That concept will be used later in the study. The PolicyNumber is the primary key of the entity of the entity InsurancePolicy. The foreign key in the entity is the AgentNumber, which refers to the primary key of the Agent. AgentNumber. The AgentNumer is the primary key of the Agent entity. The Agent entity holds the information of the Agents. The Name, Phone, and OfficeNumber are the non-key attributes in the table. So from the above table, the schemas that can get are as following. Person Attribute Data type Key Type Id Varchar 2 Primary TFN Varchar 2 Candidate Name Varchar 2 Phone NUMBER PolicyOwner Attribute Data type Key Type PersonId Varchar 2 Primary (Composite) PolicyNumber NUMBER Foreign Key (InsurancePolicy. PolicyNumber) TFN Varchar 2 Primary (Composite) Start-Date DATE InsurancePolicy Attribute Data type Key Type PolicyNumber NUMBER Primary AgentNumber NUMBER Foreign Key (Agent. AgentNumber) PremiumAmount NUMBER CoverageAmount NUMBER Agent Attribute Data type Key Type AgentNumber NUMBER Primary Name Varchar 2 Phone NUMBER OfficeNumber NUMBER InsurancePolicy: Before going direct into the non-trivial Functional Dependency checking, it is important to check that if there is a functional dependency between the attributes or not. The functional dependencies say that in PolicyNumber- AgentNumber where no two same PolicyNumber will hold different agent number. From the above diagram, it can be stated that as the policy number is unique, then the relation of the PolicyNumber with all the other entities will be in functional dependencies. The non-trivial is the FD where the dependent attribute is the subset of the super attribute. So the non-trivial attributes functional dependencies are PolicyNumber- AgentNumber, PolicyNumber- PremiumAmount and PolicyNumber - CoverageAmount. The anomalies are the main reason why the decomposition are used. Here the concern is over update anomalies. The entities InsurancePolicy and Agent are connected through the AgentNumber. If ay attribute in both of the table is updated, then no effect will be on other entity. As long as the AgentNuber will not be updated no update anomalies will be there and the AgentNumber will never be updated as it is the primary key. So from the above statement, it can be stated that the no update anomalies will take place. Person: As defined in the Person entity the primary key is an atomic attribute that refers that all the attributes that are dependent on the Id have non-trivial dependencies. So from the above statement, it can be stated that Id-TFN, Id- Name, and Id-Phone indicates non-trivial dependencies. In the case of Id and TFN together, Id, TFN- Name and Id, TFN- Phone are non-trivial. It is because Id, TFN is not a superset of neither Name nor Phone. So there exist five non-trivial dependencies regarding keys in the Person table. For being in the BCNF, an entity has to be in 3rd Normal Form. The third normal for indicates that there will be no attribute that will be more dependent on the non-key attribute than key-attribute. So the entity is in also in 3rd Normal form as the attributes such as TFN, Name and Phone are solely dependent on the Id. The BCNF or Boyce-Codd Normal Form suggests that the entity must not have any key that can separately identify some of the non-key attributes. In this section, TFN is a candidate key, so it has the power to identify all the attributes uniquely. So it can be stated that Id-TFN, Name, Phone and Id, TFN - Name, Phone, so the entity is already is in BCNF. PolicyOwner: The non-trivial dependencies in the PlocyOwner will be identified on the basis of the keys. The Start-Date is dependent on PolicyNumber, and as the PolicyNumber and PersonId are the composite primary key then the dependency diagram will be PolicyNumber, PersonId - Start-Date but the start-date is not a subset of PolicyNumber, PersonId, the dependency is non-trivial. In terms of TFN, it is also dependent on the primary key. The dependency, PolicyNumber, PersonId - TFN will also be a non-trivial as the TFN is not the subset of TFN. But in the case of PolicyNumber, TFN -TFN, the dependency will be trivial. For PolicyNumber, TFN - PersonId, the dependency will be non-trivial. PolicyNumber, TFN -start-date will also be a non-trivial dependency. For being in a BCNF, an entity has to be in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd normal form. The entity Person belongs to first normal form as all the attributes are atomic, and it contains a unique identifier. The entity is also in second normal form as all the non-key attributes are completely dependent on the key attributes. The entity is also in the third normal form. It is because that the TFN and Start-Date are dependent on the composite primary key PersonId, PolicyNumber. The entity PlocyOwner is not in BCNF as the Start-Date is more dependent on the key, TFN, PolicyNumber than the PersonId, PolicyNumber. So by decomposing the table, the result will be as following. PlocyOwner (PersonId, PolicyNumber) Plocy_Start-Date (PolicyNumber, TFN, StartDate) Bibliography: Babin, M.A. and Kuznetsov, S.O., 2013. Computing premises of a minimal cover of functional dependencies is intractable.Discrete Applied Mathematics,161(6), pp.742-749. Verma, T.S. and Pearl, J., 2013. Causal networks: Semantics and expressiveness.arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.2379.

10 Facts for an Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention

10 Facts for an Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention The increased crime rate in the western world has been a source of concern to governments, criminologists and socially aware citizens for decades. Using the United States as an example, the number of felonies and non-violent crimes has continued to spiral out of control and this has led to high incarceration numbers in the US. The process of rehabilitation using jail time has also been ineffective as a high number of individuals who have served time in prison end up being re-incarcerated for one violation or the other while on parole. Therefore, these failures have led to society looking for alternatives to first prevent crime before the issue of rehabilitation comes up. Social science has played a huge role in studying crime, incarcerations and its effects in order to develop prevention tactics that will prove useful in reducing incarceration rates in the long run. This article will provide some facts on social science and crime prevention which you can use for literature reviews if writing on the topic of today. Note that this is the first part of a series of articles covering the subject matter of crime prevention. Therefore, you should read up on the 20 social science essay topics on crime prevention if looking for essay ideas to write on. 10 facts on social science and crime prevention: Stable family structure reduces delinquency. A Pittsburgh study on teenage delinquency showed that lack of a stable family structure was more likely to create conditions that lead to delinquent behavior than peer pressure or hanging out with delinquent peers. The study which covered children from the ages of 7 to 25 years, concluded that poor parental supervision and low parental involvement in a child’s development were important factors to be curtailed in order to prevent child delinquency and crime. Risk focused prevention techniques are more successful than incarceration. The prevention of crime takes the participation of an entire society to be successful. Therefore, identifying the key risk factors that encourages offending and implementing prevention methods to counter these factors are the best techniques to prevent crime. This means noting issues that lead to impulsiveness and criminal behavior such as drug use, alcohol abuse, failures etc. and reducing each risk factor is a better crime prevention technique than incarceration. Parent education programs reduce abuse and crime rates. Parent education programs targeted at first time parent, poor and uneducated parents and single parents has had direct impact in reducing developmental problems in infancy. A study of the Nurse-Family Partnership program in New York which provided postnatal home visits to at risk mothers, showed that postnatal visits drastically reduced child physical abuse and neglect during a child’s developmental years. The study recorded approximately 4% of physical child abuse among mothers in the postnatal program against 19% of cases among women who weren’t a part of any postnatal program. Education plays an important role in crime prevention. The importance of educating children at a young age cannot be understated if preventing future crimes is to be reduced or eliminated. A sample study conducted by the Perry Project in 1980 had chosen 123 children born by at risk parents and provided the kids with preschool education and scheduled bi-weekly visits. The corresponding follow-ups in 1995 and 2005 showed that students in the sample group recorded high literacy rates, graduated high school and a high percentage then received college degrees and were employed when compared to others not in the group. Initiating civil laws prevents crime. Civil laws are guidelines relating to non-criminal activities. These laws focus on day to day human interaction, property management and society. A study conducted in Oakland, California showed that the integration of civil activities such as inspection of drug nuisance properties, use of no trespassing signs and initiating court proceedings against erring landlords. These laws drastically reduce the sale of drugs and other criminal activities in the sample area and were more successful than field interrogations, surveillance and arrests. Improved street lighting deters criminal activities. A social science experiment conducted on the level of crimes committed in lighted and dark areas showed that the dark enables crime. The 2009 study which was conducted on 13 streets at Stoke-on-Trent UK, showed that improved lighting reduced crime in notorious communities by approximately 21%. A cost-benefit analysis also went on to note that the financial savings and security from the reduced crime status far exceeded the amount spent to light up the area. Neighbourhood watches and civil groups prevent crimes. This local citizen surveillance practice is common to communities in the United States and studies have shown that they are highly effective. These studies show that the setting up of watches, vetting new tenant and creating an inclusive society for residents have drastically reduced crime rate by 16% when compared to previous crime statistics without a neighbourhood watch. Understanding and managing mental health problems prevent crimes. The understanding of roles mental health plays in human impulsiveness, empathy levels and ability to function in society is important to crime prevention. A social study in the United Kingdom which tracked the effectiveness of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMHS) group showed that tackling child neglect, abuse and mental health issues drastically reduces the possibility of an adolescent pursuing a life of crime. Tackling unemployment is an effective crime prevention tool. Statistics show that the level of unemployment and underemployment in a society is directly proportional to the level of crime going on it. Therefore, an increased GDP, employment opportunities and a reduced poverty rate drastically prevents crime. Data from the Bureau of Labour Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have shown that the more viable options individuals have the less likely they are to be involved in criminal activities. Intervention programs are more effective in preventing crime than incarceration. Intervention programs consist of using education, employment and healthcare to combat criminal activities in adolescent and adults. A study in 2009, which made use of intervention techniques, showed that they are far more effective and less financially costly than the use of incarceration as a deterrent. The success of this study led to the abandonment of plans to build new prison by the Washington state legislature in favor of funding intervention programs. Here we come to the end of the 10 interesting facts we have on social science and crime prevention. A follow-up to help you write accurate article reviews on crime prevention will also be provided for further reading. These articles will provide topics you can choose from and directions on how to write a perfect article review on social science and crime prevention. References: Grant, B. (2009). Social crime prevention in the developing world. Fennelly, J. (2004). Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention 100,210. Sloboda, Z. (2010). Defining prevention science 23-34. Von Hirsch, A. (2000). Ethical and social perspectives on situational crime prevention. Wilson, J. Howell, C. (1993). A Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Welsh, C., Christopher, J., David, L. (2010). When Early Crime Prevention goes to Scale: A New Look at the Evidence. Prevention Science, 11, 115-125. Sherman, L. (1998). Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/171676.PDF

Macbeth Essays (718 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Macbeth Essays (718 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Macbeth In Shakespeare's tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme, and therefore many of Shakespeare's characters are well developed and complex. Two of these characters are the protagonist, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth. They play interesting roles in the tragedy, and over the course of the play, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. At the beginning of the play, they treat each other as equals. They have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth the news about the witches and she immediately begins plotting how to gain for her husband his desire to be king. At this point, Lady Macbeth is the resolute, strong woman, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. He does have ambition, but at this point, his conscience is stronger than that ambition. Lady Macbeth explains this characteristic of her husband in Act I, Scene v, when she says, Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o' th' milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. The next stage of change developing in the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is in Act II. This is the act in which Macbeth kills King Duncan. Macbeth's character change is apparent because it is obvious that he has given in to his ambition and has murdered the king. He is not entirely changed, though, because he is almost delirious after he has committed the crime. He exclaims, Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red. He believes that instead of the ocean cleaning his hands, his hands would turn the ocean red. Macbeth's role has changed somewhat but not entirely, since he has committed the crime but his conscience is still apparent after the murder. Lady Macbeth's role similarly changes somewhat in Act II. The reader sees a crack in her strong character when she tells Macbeth in Scene ii of Act II that she would have murdered Duncan herself if he had not resemble d her father as he slept. Her boldness is still evident, though, when she calms Macbeth after the murder and believes a little water clears us of this deed. Unlike the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, their relationship remains unchanged from Act I to II. Their relationship is still very close as seen through Duncan's murder - a product of teamwork. At the end of Act III, both the roles and the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have reached the final stage of their change. Now that Duncan is dead and Macbeth is hopelessly headed toward a life of immorality, Lady Macbeth fades into the background. Macbeth takes it upon himself in Act III to plot Banquo's murder without consulting his wife because he wants to protect her from the corruption that he has involved himself with. His role is now completely changed and there is no turning back for him. As Macbeth goes off on his own course during this time, Lady Macbeth's guilt is overwhelming and, cut off from him, she descends into madness. Her guilt emerges in Act III, Scene ii when she says she would rather be dead, and it grows from then on until her death. Lady Macbeth's character change is also evident in Act III, Scene ii when she backs out of Macbeth's mysterious murder plan and tells him, You must leave this. The relationship between the couple is being torn apart by th is time in Macbeth. They are headed in separate directions - Macbeth towards a life of evil and Lady Macbeth towards insanity and grief. As Shakespeare developed the characters of Macbeth and his wife, their changing roles ironically ended up resembling the other one's role. At the beginning of the tragedy, Macbeth was the hesitant character with a strong conscience, while Lady Macbeth was powerful and firm. However, by the time these two characters were completely changed, Macbeth ended up being decisive and greedy, as Lady Macbeth turned out to be weak since her guilty conscience drove her insane. Shakespeare's exchange of roles in

Robots in Manufacturing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Robots in Manufacturing - Assignment Example Without a doubt, these robots have started playing significant roles in different areas but this report discusses the role of robots in manufacturing. It is an admitted fact that organizations those are engaged in manufacturing industries need automated systems to deal with their varying needs. In this scenario, robots are reprogrammable, multifunctional machine intended to move material, tools, parts or particular devices through a variety of engineered motions for performing various tasks. This report has studied the uses of robots in various areas of manufacturing. The use of robots in manufacturing is believed to be very helpful for the reason that manufacturing industries require dealing with complicated machines and working on these machines involves serious risk factors especially related to human health. In this scenario, the use of robots can help manufacturing industries deal with these serious issues as well as save lots of costs associated with manufacturing process. In t his report I have studied various aspects associated with robots with respect to their usage in manufacturing. In this report I have discussed how the use of robots allows manufacturing industries to reduce costs by replacing machines with humans. This report presents interesting facts regarding robots that allow readers to get a detailed insight of robots especially their functionality and advantages in manufacturing. ABSTRACT In the past few years, the use of robots has increased in every area of business organizations. Additionally, many organizations have adopted robots for various purposes such as for packaging, installation, moving materials from one unit to another. This report discusses the use of robots in manufacturing industries. The use of robots in manufacturing industries brings a number of benefits such as reduction in costs and saving from health related issues. The basic purpose of this research is to discuss how robots can be used in manufacturing and what benefits can be achieved by the organizations through the adoption of these robots. This report summarizes the concepts discussed by various authors and analyzes it to present the role of robots in manufacturing. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The competitive environment for manufacturers today has necessitated it for them to be more productive, efficient and dynamic. Since customers are the ultimate stakeholder, all businesses are moving towards meeting their expectations and fulfilling their satisfaction by adopting automated manufacturing to improve in quality cost and timeliness aspects. Moreover, equipment deployed by business in manufacturing processes and operations need to be efficiently utilized to their maximum capacity to enhance profitability. This has been made possible through usage of robots for handling, running and managing machinery, tools and equipment’s (Mathur et al., 2011, p.77). Hundreds of enterprises have succeeded in their business by switching to automated man ufacturing to avail its benefits and exploit new opportunities and horizons (Papakostas et al.,

The Use of Animals in Psychological Research Essay

The Use of Animals in Psychological Research - Essay Example This research has assisted in the understanding of psychopathological conditions which include schizophrenia and depressive disorders as well as the assessment of the untoward effects of medications used in the treatment of psychological conditions. With the progression of the human understanding, ethics have come into existence and the use of animals in research has been questioned from the ethical point of view. To overcome these problems the American Psychological Association has developed ethical guidelines for the use of animals in this type of research. The main points include the respect for the law of the relevant country and area with regards to experimentation as are applied to the experiments conducted on human beings. The animals that are being used in the process should be under the watch of special overseers who possess knowledge with regards to the proper requirements of the animals. TThis personnel should also guide the researchers regarding these requirements so that the animals are properly taken care of during the experiments. The other important guideline presents the fact that the animals should not be harmed and given unnecessary pain. To learn and progress in any scientific field, research and experimentation is an important part of the process. Hence I believe that animal research is fully justified where it serves this purpose. I believe that to understand completely the functioning of the human brain and the psychological working of the human being, research is essential and using of animals for the right purpose is totally justified. If research serves to enhance the quality of life and works towards the formation procedures which can treat psychological conditions, it should be allowed.

Thomas Reid's Position on Common Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thomas Reid's Position on Common Sense - Essay Example This was thought to condition human experience and make possible knowledge of moral, religious, and scientific kind. The first thinkers were Herbert of Cherbury, as well as Rene Descartes; other British representatives were Henry Lee, Claude Buffier, Henry Home, G. Leibniz, and many more (Redekop, 2009, p.407). Thomas Reid is considered a founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, whose ideas influenced several generations of philosophers well throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Rejecting the Theory of ideas, he claimed that it was â€Å"sensus communis† (the term Reid used to describe the â€Å"common sense†) that should be perceived as a solid basis of the philosophical quest. Reid’s main arguments on common sense revolved around his reaction to the ideas by Hume and Berkeley. Hume believed that a person can never comprehend what the world which is external for him/her consists of, since human knowledge is restricted by the ideas that are present in hu man mind. Berkeley, in his turn, maintained that the external world is just ideas inherent in human mind. Both Berkeley and Hume asserted that a mental phenomenon exists as perceptions of certain mental objects (Yaffe & Nichols, 2009, [online]). Contrary to these philosophers, Reid asserted that the foundations of common sense provide a justification to human belief in the existence of an external world. Reid provided response to the arguments by Hume, both naturalistic and skeptical by devising a set of common sense principles. He saw them as the basis of rational perception of the world and rational thought. To illustrate, any person who commits oneself to a philosophical argument must unconditionally presuppose particular beliefs. The examples are I am speaking to a real person, or the external world does exist under the laws which remain unchanged. Along these claims, more presuppositions can be found, which are all positive, meaningful, and reality-based. In this context, it is worth mentioning that Reid does not see the belief in these principles’ rightness as something rational. Instead, he asserts that it is reason that demands that the aforementioned principles act as prerequisites and that it is human mind that inherently produces them. Thus, the question of sanity arises here, which Reid believes leans back on his understanding of the common sense functioning. In relation to this, Reid writes, â€Å"For, before men can reason together, they must agree in first principles; and it is impossible to reason with a man who has no principles in common with you.† (Reid, 1846, p.230). Reid also believed that qualities are to be in â€Å"(...) Something that is figured, colored, hard or soft, that moves or resists. It is not to these qualities, but to that which is the subject of them, that we give the name body. If any man should think fit to deny that these things are qualities, or that they require any subject, I leave him to enjoy his opini on as a man who denies first principles, and is not fit to be reasoned with.† (Reid, 1785, p.766) While Reid’s position on common sense can be well understood through analyzing his criticism of Hume, I would like to briefly outline his ideas regarding Hume’s understanding of knowledge. As it has already been mentioned, Hume along with Descartes, Locke, and Berkeley developed the ideal theory of human mind, which Reid refuted by offering the positive idea of mind instead. The grounding argument against the theory by Hume is

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing Essay

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing Essay A 60 years old female XYZ patient was admitted in hospital with organic brain syndrome two years ago. She is still hospitalized. My first interaction with patient was when I entered her room, she told me to get out. In second interaction as I tried to talk to her, she listened to me only for two minutes but didnt answer me and instructed her care-taker to tell me to leave the room. My further attempts at interaction with the patient would result in conversations not lasting 2-4 minutes and then she would remove herself to a place where no one would bother her. Most of the time, she kept herself in her room and become aggressive when someone tried to take her outside. She couldnt concentrate on one thing more than 2 minutes. Her major symptoms were short attention span, impaired recent memory and poor judgment. In three weeks rotation I have found she was reluctant to talk with others. She felt more comfortable when no one disturbed her. Initially she was very strongly guarded but very gradually as I worked with her, things began to improve. I made small interventions to make her socialize, such as, every day I took her outside and asked her to greet the health care professionals etc. The end result of these little efforts was very positive. The health care professionals noticed a discernable change in her behavior. Now this patient greets others and responds more positively. The Doctor said she showed very positive improvements and recommended these interventions should be continued. The concept which came in my mind and very perceptibly I have found in my patient was social isolation. According to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2009) Social isolation is suggested, state in which the individual lacks a sense of belonging socially, lacks engagement with others, has a minimal number of social contacts and they are deficient in fulfilling and quality relationships(p.1346). Social isolation is a social condition that leaves significant effects on psychological well-being and physical health, with the costs of these conditions particularly higher among old and mentally ill patients. According to Havens et al. cited by Nicholas R Nicholson Jr. (2009) Psychological barriers such as decline in cognition, poor or altered mental healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ factor that lead to social isolation (p.1346). If I relate the concept with my patient she likes to live alone, unable to share her life experiences, lack of belongingness with others, unable to do her activity daily living and these all were because of her cognitive impairment and low concentrate level which leads her towards social isolation in her. Many factors which leads to social isolation. In Pakistan, gradually we are loosing our traditional values, social bonds like family and neighborhood. With changing socio-economic and cultural conditions, we witness the emergence of nuclear families living separately rather than the traditional extended families living together. Literature on social isolation is not available about our country but I have found the South Asian Article (New Delhi India). Indian culture is similar to ours and we can easily relate their findings to our context. Age Well Foundation (2010) stated that Ever-changing socio-economic scenario of the country has resulted in emergence popularity of nuclear family à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they felt themselves completely isolated and alone (p.21). According to Age Well Foundation (2010) In urban areas 39.1% older persons were reported isolated socially as well as emotionally (p.09). In late age certain human faculties become enfeebled. For instance cognitive impairment, physical frailty, restricted ability for social interaction. If this is accompanied with social isolation, the chances of depression occurring are much increased. If the situation continues, the person is caught in a downward spiral where social isolation and depression feed on each other, and the person becomes deprived of the ability to conduct social interaction. According to Draper cited by Heather L. Menne et al. (2009) left untreated depression and depressive symptoms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ intensified problems with cognitive processing (p.554). According to Amin A. Gadit M. (2010) Among the mental illnesses, depression 22.9%prevalence of depression among elderly (p.03). Chronic illnesses, the death of friends and loved ones and feelings of social isolation can add up to social isolation in older adults. According to Ather M Taqui et al. The prevalence of depression in the elderly in our study was 19.5% (p.04). They also mentioned the cause of depression was nuclear family and due to less social interaction with family, elderly suffer from depression. Stigmatization towards mental illness is very common, which make mentally ill patients socially isolated more. Zahid, J. et al. (2006) stated The younger respondents felt that people with schizophrenia, depression and drug abuse are dangerousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more likely to blame people with drug abuse problems for their drug use (p.57). Care-taker perceptions towards old age people and for mentally ill patients are also contributing factor towards social isolation. According to Baltes and Smith quoted by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) It is a stereotype of later life that there is a network of loneliness, social isolation and neglect (p.522). During my mental health clinical, I observed that care-takers think that if they fulfill the patients physical needs, give them medicine on time, this is more than sufficient. Their attitudes toward old age was as they are very old, there is no hope for them to cure from mental illness. The same thing was happened with my own patient. Her care-takers perceptions were now my patient is very old and you dont need to make any efforts because since two years I am with her but there are no positive improvements. Roys Adaption Model (Roy Andrews 1999) is one conceptual and theoretical model in nursing with which social isolation fits well. In this model she focused on four modes of adaptation, physiologic-physical, Self-concept, Role function and Interdependence Mode. If human declines in one mode it has specific affects on physical and mental health. According to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2008) Being socially isolated can be conceptualized as having ineffective self-concept or Interdependence mode responses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the person has failed to adapt and this is manifested by being socially isolated (p.1349). Through this model a nurse can observe the behavior of the person is adaptive or maladaptive. Self-concept mode focused on psychological and spiritual sense of integrity and purpose of living in the universe. When someone looses sense of psychological well being, has no purpose of life, unconcerned with others, this makes a person socially isolated. Cognitive impairment is the major cause which interferes in this mode and the person feels helpless to adapt this mode effectively and goes into social isolation. Interdependence mode deals with human relationships with others, their purpose, structures and how it grows individually and in a group. When a person fails to adapt this mode appropriately and shows less concern towards close relations, or a persons loved ones show less concern toward the person it makes the person socially isolated. Social isolation has strong connection with mental illness. Social isolation and cognitive impairment go side by side. According to Ellis and Hickie cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) In addition there are associations between social isolation and mental illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ premature death (p.522). My patient was socially isolated due to impaired cognitive abilities, short attention span and impaired recent and immediate memory. Older people need more concentration and care as I relate the above with my patient, she was 60 years old and struggling to remember recent events and concentrate on one point. When she failed to do these tasks which hinder her communication and daily activities, this made her more agitated and led to social isolation. In old age cognitive impairment decline daily activities, loss of interest in social interaction, face difficulties to express their own feelings and to understand others ideas. All these things also play a significant role in social isolation. According Van Oostrom cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) Related to difficulties with mild cognitive impairmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦partner loss and institutionalization (p.522). Research conducted on social isolation has identified many different factors that might contribute to social isolation in older adults, Physical environment factors such as place of residence, geographic distance from family or friends. According to Kaneda cited by Barratt J. (2007) In developing countries growing numbers of older à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦isolation bereft of the traditional environment of an extended family (p.02). In the light of literature, my patient was dependent on the care-taker in hospital although she fulfills her physical needs but I never observed her encourage the patient to mingle with others. In my view this was also one of the causes for her social isolation. Maintaining relationships and participating in social activities have been associated with improved memory and intelligence in the elderly. There are many strategies which as a nurse we can develop to take out a person from isolation. Studies found that educational and social activity, group interventions that target specific groups of people can alleviate social isolation among older people. Patient assessment I have covered in the scenario. I had planned strategies at the individual, family, group and institutional level. But I just got a chance to implement on the individual and institutional level. Strategies for individual: I worked on her short attention span and on social isolation. Initially I asked her to come out from the room, we would take a round in corridor. She refused but gradually she accepted. I made her friend of the other staff, explored her life achievements and acknowledged it in front of other staff; made her sit in the garden and in the television room, Every day I took her outside and encouraged her greet the health care professionals. I involved her in occupational therapy although out of eight days occupational therapy sessions she only attended three sessions and only in the last session she sat for as long as ten minutes and talked with doctor and answered the questions appropriately. I asked her the old admitted patients names and she could recall most of their names. I encouraged her to sit and talk to them. I tried to involve her in a daily routine, like, to decide what she would like to wear next day and to ensure to brush her teeth and wash her face herself. I think to involve the socially isolated patient in her daily routine is the best technique to take them out from their condition. I gave her the opportunity for decision making, such as I wanted to talk to her and where would she want to sit and for how long could we sit together. As a result, it made her talk and use her cognitive ability. I asked her about her interests. She told me, she liked to recite her religious verses and Nat I asked her to recite in the occupational therapy session. There everybody acknowledged her and she was encouraged to talk about herself. She said she had performed Hajj with her husband and now my husband is not alive. I tried to involve her in drawing but for this she strictly refused me, but asked me to write down the name of Allah. She promises to color it but later on she refused. On a group level, I tried to engage her in group activities but due to time constraint, I was not able to implement. I was planned to involve her in psycho education and in cognitive behavioral therapy, group discussions with set agendas, exercises group to promote physical activity. It was also difficult for my patient to cope at that time, but I believe if I could stay longer with her or at least go every week on clinical rather than alternate weeks, I could achieve this task as well. We can involve them in occupational therapy sessions and make a play group where they can play small native games. According to Dana A Glie, et al. (2005) elderly non demented subjects found that participating in cognitively stimulating leisure activities (e.g. playing board games) protected against development of dementia (p.865). My patient was interested in reciting the Quran and if she recites in a group it make her socialize with others and women who are gathered there can share their interests as well. According to Andersson cited by Cattan M. (2005) (1) found that among small groups of older women who lived alone and who discussed health-related topics, significantly reduced loneliness and increased social contact, self-esteem and participation in organized activities was found. (p.05) Family can also follow the above individual level strategies which I had done with my, if person lives at home. They can give appropriate time to them, involve them in their discussion. As a nurse I could conduct teaching on patient disease process and on social isolation with family and teach them how to deal with the isolated patients. At institutional level we can conduct the workshops, seminars, can make nurses group who entirely deal with isolated patient, provide more information on social isolation in different disease. Attendant nurse teaching should be conducted because they should also know the reasons; consequences of social isolation. I have conducted the teaching on social isolation and on major symptoms of my patient disease which leads to social isolation with two attendant nurses (N/A). At community level we can make community support group for old people, plan activities which they can do easily. Initially when I start reading this topic my understanding about it, was very limited. I thought loneliness and isolation are the same topic but as I read more about it I have found loneliness is purely a persons own feeling and even though a person who involves in a group or sits in a group can go through the loneliness feelings. Whereas social isolation is with-drawl from surrounding, a person has no concern with others. Before dealing with this patient I felt that to approach this patient was very difficult because this patient was not only mentally ill but also isolated and would not let others interact with her. Gradually I started and noticed the difference. Social isolation in older people is very common and it leaves its great impact on mental health. It does not only impair the cognitive ability, it also declines the daily activities. As a nurse it is our responsibility to deal these patients with endurance, educate the family and care takers to overcome the physical and mental health problems. I also learnt that there is a great contribution of care-takers to make patient socially isolated and if we as a care-taker take a responsibility to give them psychological support and treat them according to their capacity they can also spend a normal life or even we can prevent them from deteriorating.

A Short Biography of Saint Joan of Arc :: essays research papers

A Short Biography of Saint Joan of Arc Saint Joan was born on January 6, 1412, in the village of Domremy to Jacques and Isabelle d'Arc. Joan was the youngest of their five children. While growing up among the fields and pastures of her village, she was called Jeannette but when she entered into her mission, her name was changed to Jeanne, la Pucelle, or Joan, the Maid. As a child she was taught domestic skills as well as her religion by her mother. Joan would later say, "As for spinning and sewing, I fear no woman in Rouen." And again, "It was my mother alone who taught me the 'Our Father' and 'Hail Mary' and the 'Creed;' and from none other was I taught my faith." From her earliest of years Joan was known for her obedience to her parents, religious fervor, goodness, unselfish generosity and kindness toward her neighbors. Simonin Munier, one of Joan's childhood friends, tells how Joan had nursed him back to health when he was sick. Some of her playmates teased her for being 'too pious.' Others remembered how she would give up her bed to the homeless stranger who came to her father's door asking for shelter. Joan was 'like all the others' in her village until her thirteenth year. "When I was about thirteen, I received revelation from Our Lord by a voice which told me to be good and attend church often and that God would help me." She stated that her 'Voices' were Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret. At first her 'Voices' came to her two or three times a week but as the time for her mission drew near (five years later), they visited her daily telling her to 'Go into France' to raise the siege of Orleans, conduct the Dauphin Charles to Reims for his crowning and to drive the English from the land. Joan went to the neighboring town of Vaucouleurs, which means Valley of many colors. There she spoke to the loyal French governor by the name of Sir Robert de Baudricourt. After many rejections he finally agreed to send her to the Dauphin who at the time was living at the castle of Chinon. On the evening of February 23, 1429, she began her mission for God. In the company of six men, she rode through the Gate of France on her way to Chinon. Joan reached this town on March 6th, but was not received by the Dauphin, Charles, until the evening of March 9th.